Bringing a child into the world is one of the most powerful experiences a woman can have. But the conversation about what happens to your body afterward, specifically your pelvic health, is one that does not happen nearly enough. Many women silently struggle with pelvic floor issues for years after childbirth simply because they did not know what to expect or that effective treatment exists.

What Is the Pelvic Floor?

The pelvic floor is a group of muscles, ligaments, and connective tissues that form a hammock-like structure at the base of the pelvis. These muscles support the bladder, uterus, rectum, and bowel. They play a critical role in bladder and bowel control, sexual function, core stability, and supporting the weight of pregnancy. During childbirth, this entire system undergoes significant stress and stretching, and the effects can last long after delivery.

How Childbirth Affects the Pelvic Floor

Both vaginal delivery and cesarean section can impact pelvic health, though in different ways.

During vaginal delivery the pelvic floor muscles stretch to many times their normal length to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal. Research published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology found that vaginal delivery, especially when involving prolonged pushing, large babies, or the use of forceps or vacuum assistance, significantly increases the risk of pelvic floor muscle injury and nerve damage.

Cesarean delivery reduces some risks but does not fully protect pelvic health. The weight of pregnancy alone places months of pressure on the pelvic floor, and the surgical incision can affect core muscle function and healing in ways that influence pelvic stability long term.

Long-Term Pelvic Health Conditions Linked to Childbirth

Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when one or more pelvic organs, including the bladder, uterus, or rectum, drop from their normal position and press against the vaginal wall. A large study published in Obstetrics and Gynecology found that vaginal childbirth is the single strongest risk factor for pelvic organ prolapse, with risk increasing with each vaginal delivery. Symptoms include:

• A feeling of pressure or heaviness in the pelvis
• A bulge or protrusion at the vaginal opening
• Difficulty with bowel movements
• A feeling that something is falling out of the vagina
• Lower back pain

Urinary Incontinence

Leaking urine when you sneeze, laugh, cough, or exercise is known as stress urinary incontinence, and it is extremely common after childbirth. Research from the International Urogynecology Journal found that women who had vaginal deliveries were significantly more likely to experience urinary incontinence compared to those who had cesarean deliveries or no children. While many women assume this is just a normal part of motherhood, it is a treatable medical condition.

Pelvic Pain and Dyspareunia

Chronic pelvic pain and pain during sex, medically known as dyspareunia, are reported by a significant number of women in the months and years following childbirth. Causes include perineal tearing, episiotomy scarring, hormonal changes during breastfeeding, and pelvic floor muscle tension or dysfunction. A study in the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology found that up to 41 percent of women reported painful intercourse at three months postpartum, and for many the pain persisted well beyond that.

Bowel Dysfunction

Damage to the anal sphincter or pelvic nerves during delivery can lead to fecal urgency, difficulty controlling bowel movements, or constipation. This is more common than most women realize and is rarely discussed openly despite significantly impacting quality of life.

What Does the Research Show?

A landmark study published in the New England Journal of Medicine followed women for up to 20 years after childbirth and found that the effects of vaginal delivery on pelvic floor function were measurable and persistent decades later. The study highlighted that pelvic floor disorders including prolapse, urinary incontinence, and bowel dysfunction were significantly more prevalent in women who had vaginal deliveries compared to those who had not given birth. This research underscores the importance of long-term pelvic health monitoring and proactive care after childbirth.

How to Support Pelvic Health After Childbirth

The encouraging news is that pelvic health conditions are highly treatable and in many cases preventable with the right care. Strategies include:

• Pelvic floor physical therapy, which is one of the most evidence-based and effective treatments for postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction and is recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
• Kegel exercises performed consistently to strengthen pelvic floor muscles, though these should be guided by a pelvic floor therapist to ensure proper technique
• Avoiding heavy lifting and high-impact exercise too soon after delivery
• Managing constipation through diet and hydration to reduce strain on the pelvic floor
• Vaginal estrogen therapy for women experiencing postpartum hormonal changes that affect pelvic tissue health
• Pessary devices for prolapse management as a non-surgical option
• Surgical repair for severe prolapse or incontinence that does not respond to conservative treatment

When to Seek Help

You should speak with a women’s health provider if you are experiencing any leakage of urine or stool, pelvic pressure or a sensation of bulging, pain during sex that has persisted beyond a few months postpartum, chronic pelvic pain, or difficulty with bowel or bladder function. These symptoms are common but they are not something you simply have to accept. Early intervention leads to significantly better outcomes.

Your body did something extraordinary. It deserves extraordinary care in return.

Schedule your women’s health appointment with IVANA MD in Missouri City, TX. 

346-585-4077. 

4220 Cartwright Road, Suite 201, Missouri City, Texas 77459.

References

Dietz, H. P., & Lanzarone, V. (2005). Levator trauma after vaginal delivery. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 106(4), 707–712. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16199625/ 

Handa, V. L., Blomquist, J. L., McDermott, K. C., et al. (2012). Pelvic floor disorders after vaginal birth: effect of episiotomy, perineal laceration, and operative birth. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 119(2 Pt 1), 233–239. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22227639/ 

MacArthur, C., Bick, D. E., Keighley, M. R., et al. (1997). Faecal incontinence after childbirth. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 104(1), 46–50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8988696/ 

Nygaard, I., Barber, M. D., Burgio, K. L., et al. (2008). Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in US women. JAMA, 300(11), 1311–1316. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18799443/ 

Rortveit, G., Daltveit, A. K., Hannestad, Y. S., et al. (2003). Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(10), 900–907. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa021788

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If you dread the week before your period because of mood swings, bloating, fatigue, or emotional overwhelm, you are not alone and you are not overreacting. Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder are real, recognized medical conditions that affect millions of women every month, and both are manageable with the right support.

What Is PMS?

Premenstrual syndrome, commonly known as PMS, refers to a collection of physical and emotional symptoms that appear in the one to two weeks before menstruation and typically resolve once your period begins. Symptoms can range from mild to disruptive and affect up to 75 percent of menstruating women according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

Common PMS symptoms include:

• Bloating and water retention
• Breast tenderness
• Headaches
• Fatigue and low energy
• Irritability and mood swings
• Food cravings
• Difficulty concentrating
• Sleep disturbances

What Is PMDD?

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, or PMDD, is a severe form of PMS that goes beyond typical discomfort. PMDD is a clinically recognized condition listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and is characterized by intense emotional and psychological symptoms that significantly interfere with daily life, relationships, and work. It affects approximately 3 to 8 percent of menstruating women according to research published in the American Journal of Psychiatry.

Symptoms of PMDD include:

• Severe depression or feelings of hopelessness
• Intense anxiety or panic attacks
• Extreme mood swings or anger
• Feeling out of control
• Severe fatigue
• Difficulty functioning at work or in relationships
• Physical symptoms similar to PMS but more intense

What Causes PMS and PMDD?

Both conditions are linked to hormonal fluctuations during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, specifically the drop in estrogen and progesterone that occurs before menstruation. Research suggests that women with PMDD may have an abnormal sensitivity to these hormonal changes rather than abnormal hormone levels themselves. A landmark study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that women with PMDD have an altered expression of a gene complex called ESPR1 that makes their cells more sensitive to estrogen and progesterone, essentially creating a biological vulnerability to hormonal shifts.

How to Manage PMS and PMDD Naturally

Diet and Nutrition

What you eat has a measurable impact on hormonal symptoms. Research published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that women with higher intakes of calcium and vitamin D had significantly lower rates of PMS. Focus on:

• Increasing calcium-rich foods like dairy, leafy greens, and fortified foods
• Eating complex carbohydrates to stabilize blood sugar and mood
• Reducing salt, caffeine, sugar, and alcohol in the week before your period
• Adding magnesium-rich foods like nuts, seeds, and dark chocolate to reduce bloating and mood symptoms

Exercise

Regular aerobic exercise is one of the most well-supported natural interventions for PMS and PMDD. A study in the Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology found that women who exercised regularly reported significantly fewer and less severe premenstrual symptoms. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate activity most days of the week.

Stress Management

Chronic stress worsens hormonal imbalances and amplifies PMS and PMDD symptoms. Practices that have shown benefit include:

• Yoga and mindfulness meditation
• Deep breathing exercises
• Journaling
• Consistent sleep schedules of seven to nine hours per night

Supplements with Scientific Support

Several supplements have clinical evidence supporting their use for PMS and PMDD, including:

• Calcium 1200mg daily, shown in multiple studies to reduce mood and physical symptoms
• Magnesium glycinate, which helps reduce bloating, anxiety, and headaches
• Vitamin B6, which supports serotonin production and has been shown to improve mood-related symptoms
• Chasteberry, also known as Vitex agnus-castus, which a review in the Journal of Women’s Health found to significantly reduce both PMS and PMDD symptoms

Medical Treatment Options

For women whose symptoms are severe or do not respond to lifestyle changes, medical treatments are available and effective. These include:

• Antidepressants called SSRIs, which are considered the first-line medical treatment for PMDD and have been shown in multiple clinical trials to significantly reduce emotional symptoms even when taken only during the luteal phase
• Hormonal contraceptives, particularly the pill containing drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol, which is FDA-approved specifically for PMDD
• GnRH agonists for severe cases that do not respond to other treatments
• Cognitive behavioral therapy, which research has shown to be as effective as medication for managing PMDD symptoms long term

When to See a Doctor

You should speak with a women’s health provider if your premenstrual symptoms are severe enough to affect your relationships, work, or daily functioning, if you feel depressed or anxious in the weeks before your period, if natural remedies have not provided enough relief, or if you are unsure whether what you are experiencing is PMS or PMDD. A proper diagnosis makes all the difference in getting the right treatment.

You do not have to white-knuckle your way through every cycle. Effective help is available.

Schedule your women’s health appointment with IVANA MD in Missouri City, TX. 

346-585-4077.

4220 Cartwright Road, Suite 201, Missouri City, Texas 77459.

References

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2021). Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). ACOG Patient Education FAQs. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome 

Epperson, C. N., Steiner, M., Hartlage, S. A., et al. (2012). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: evidence for a new category for DSM-5. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(5), 465–475. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22764360/

Loch, E. G., Selle, H., & Boblitz, N. (2000). Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with a phytopharmaceutical formulation containing Vitex agnus castus. Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 9(4), 355-361. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/152460900318515 

Nevatte, T., O’Brien, P. M. S., Bäckström, T., et al. (2013). ISPMD consensus on the management of premenstrual disorders with PMDD as a distinct entity. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 16(4), 279–291. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23624686/ 

Thys-Jacobs, S., Starkey, P., Bernstein, D., et al. (1998). Calcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 179(2), 444–452. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9731851/

The post Managing PMS and PMDD: What Every Woman Should Know appeared first on IvanaMd.

If you have been struggling to lose weight despite eating well and exercising, and you also deal with irregular periods, acne, or excess hair growth, polycystic ovary syndrome may be the missing piece of the puzzle. PCOS and weight gain are deeply connected, and understanding why makes all the difference in how you approach treatment.

What Is PCOS?

Polycystic ovary syndrome, commonly known as PCOS, is one of the most common hormonal disorders affecting women of reproductive age, impacting an estimated 8 to 13 percent of women worldwide according to the World Health Organization. It is characterized by hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, elevated androgen levels, and in many cases the development of small cysts on the ovaries.

Why Does PCOS Cause Weight Gain?

The relationship between PCOS and weight gain is not simply about lifestyle. It is rooted in biology. The primary driver is insulin resistance, a condition in which the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, causing the pancreas to produce more of it. Excess insulin promotes fat storage, particularly around the abdomen, and makes losing weight significantly harder regardless of diet or exercise habits.

A study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism found that up to 70 percent of women with PCOS have some degree of insulin resistance, even those who are not overweight. This means the weight struggle is not a matter of willpower. It is a metabolic issue that requires targeted medical support.

The Hormonal Cycle Making It Worse

PCOS creates a frustrating cycle. Excess weight worsens insulin resistance, which raises insulin levels further, which in turn drives up androgen production, which disrupts ovulation and worsens PCOS symptoms. Research published in Human Reproduction confirms that even a modest weight gain can significantly worsen hormonal imbalances in women with PCOS, while even a 5 to 10 percent reduction in body weight can restore ovulation, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce androgen levels.

Other Reasons Weight Management Is Harder with PCOS

Beyond insulin resistance, several other factors make weight management more challenging for women with PCOS, including:

• Elevated cortisol levels, which promote abdominal fat storage
• Low-grade chronic inflammation, which interferes with metabolism
• Disrupted hunger hormones, with research showing women with PCOS have altered levels of ghrelin and leptin, the hormones that regulate appetite and fullness
• Sleep disturbances and fatigue, which are common in PCOS and directly affect metabolism and food choices

What the Science Says About Treatment

Managing weight with PCOS requires a strategy that addresses the hormonal root cause, not just calories. Evidence-based approaches include:

• A low glycemic index diet, which reduces insulin spikes and has been shown in multiple studies to improve both weight and hormonal markers in women with PCOS
• Regular resistance training combined with cardio, which improves insulin sensitivity and supports healthy body composition
• Metformin, a medication that improves insulin sensitivity and is commonly prescribed for PCOS-related weight and metabolic issues
• Inositol supplements, particularly myo-inositol, which a review in the International Journal of Endocrinology found to significantly improve insulin resistance, hormone levels, and menstrual regularity in women with PCOS
• GLP-1 receptor agonists, which are emerging as an effective option for women with PCOS and significant insulin resistance or obesity

When to See a Doctor

If you suspect PCOS is behind your weight struggles, a diagnosis is the critical first step. A women’s health provider can run hormonal panels, check insulin and glucose levels, perform an ultrasound, and create a personalized treatment plan that addresses both your metabolic health and your reproductive health together.

You are not failing at weight loss. Your hormones may simply be working against you, and that is something a doctor can help you fix.

Schedule your women’s health appointment with IVANA MD in Missouri City, TX. 

346-585-4077. 4220 Cartwright Road, Suite 201, Missouri City, Texas 77459.

References

Azziz, R., Carmina, E., Dewailly, D., et al. (2016). Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2(1), 16057.https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201657

Dunaif, A. (1997). Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocrine Reviews, 18(6), 774–800. https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/18/6/774/2530788

Kiddy, D. S., Hamilton-Fairley, D., Bush, A., et al. (1992). Improvement in endocrine and ovarian function during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology, 36(1), 105–111. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02909.x 

Unfer, V., Carlomagno, G., Dante, G., & Facchinetti, F. (2012). Effects of myo-inositol in women with PCOS: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Gynecological Endocrinology, 28(7), 509–515. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09513590.2011.650660 

World Health Organization. (2026). Polycystic ovary syndrome. WHO Fact Sheets. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

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If you have just had an IUD inserted or are considering one, knowing what to expect afterward can make the experience much less stressful. IUDs are one of the most effective forms of long-acting reversible contraception available, but the days and weeks following insertion come with an adjustment period every woman should be prepared for.

What Is an IUD?

An intrauterine device is a small T-shaped device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. There are two main types: hormonal IUDs, which release a small amount of progestin, and copper IUDs, which are completely hormone-free. Both are over 99 percent effective according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Immediately After Insertion

In the first few hours it is completely normal to experience:

• Moderate to severe cramping
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Light spotting or bleeding
• Nausea or pelvic heaviness

These symptoms typically ease within a few hours. Take ibuprofen before and after the procedure and plan to rest for the remainder of the day.

The First One to Three Months

With a hormonal IUD expect irregular spotting for the first three to six months, with periods gradually becoming lighter over time. With a copper IUD expect heavier periods and stronger cramping, particularly in the first few months. Research published in Contraception journal confirms that most bleeding irregularities resolve on their own with time.

Signs of Complications to Watch For

While serious complications are rare, contact your provider immediately if you experience:

• Severe pelvic pain that worsens after the first few days
• Heavy bleeding soaking through more than one pad per hour
• Fever, chills, or unusual discharge
• Pain during sex
• You can feel the hard plastic of the IUD

When Does It Become Effective?

Hormonal IUDs are effective immediately if inserted within the first seven days of your cycle. Otherwise use a backup method for seven days. Copper IUDs are effective immediately and can even be used as emergency contraception within five days of unprotected sex.

An IUD is a highly effective long-term option, but it should always feel like the right fit for your body and your life.

Schedule your women’s health appointment with IVANA MD in Missouri City, TX. 

346-585-4077

4220 Cartwright Road, Suite 201, Missouri City, Texas 77459.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Intrauterine contraception. U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use (U.S. SPR). https://www.cdc.gov/contraception/hcp/usspr/intrauterine-contraception.html 

ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. (2008). Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems. Human Reproduction Update, 14(3), 197–208. https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/14/3/197/683294

Heinemann, K., Reed, S., Moehner, S., & Minh, T. D. (2015). Comparative contraceptive effectiveness of levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices: The European Active Surveillance Study for Intrauterine Devices. Contraception, 91(4), 280–283.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25601350/ 

Hidalgo, M., Bahamondes, L., Perrotti, M., et al. (2002). Bleeding patterns and clinical performance of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) up to two years. Contraception, 65(2), 129–132. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11927115/ 

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The uterus plays a central role in menstruation, fertility, and pregnancy. When its structure or function deviates from normal, it is referred to as a uterine abnormality. These conditions are more common than most women realize and can range from minor variations that cause no symptoms to significant structural differences that affect reproductive health and quality of life.

Uterine Abnormality

A uterine abnormality is any structural, functional, or anatomical irregularity of the uterus. These can be congenital, meaning present from birth due to abnormal development of the Müllerian ducts during fetal development, or acquired, meaning they develop later in life due to growths, scarring, or hormonal changes.

Types of Uterine Abnormalities

Congenital Uterine Abnormalities

Congenital uterine abnormalities occur when the Müllerian ducts, which form the uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper vagina during fetal development, do not develop or fuse properly. The most common types include:

• Septate uterus, where a fibrous band of tissue divides the uterine cavity partially or completely and is the most common congenital abnormality, accounting for up to 35 percent of cases according to research in Fertility and Sterility
• Bicornuate uterus, where the uterus has two distinct horns or cavities giving it a heart-shaped appearance
• Unicornuate uterus, where only one side of the Müllerian duct develops, resulting in a smaller, single-horned uterus
• Didelphys uterus, where the ducts fail to fuse entirely resulting in a double uterus sometimes accompanied by a double cervix
• Arcuate uterus, a mild indentation at the top of the uterine cavity considered by many to be a normal variant

Acquired Uterine Abnormalities

Acquired abnormalities develop after birth and include:

• Uterine fibroids, which are noncancerous muscular growths that can distort the shape and size of the uterus and affect up to 70 percent of women by age 50 according to the Office on Women’s Health
• Endometrial polyps, which are soft tissue growths on the inner lining of the uterus that can cause irregular bleeding and interfere with implantation
• Asherman syndrome, a condition where scar tissue or adhesions form inside the uterine cavity, often following surgery, infection, or repeated dilation and curettage procedures
• Adenomyosis, where the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows into the muscular wall, causing the uterus to enlarge and become tender

What Are the Symptoms?

Many women with uterine abnormalities have no symptoms at all and only discover the condition during a routine exam or when investigating fertility issues. When symptoms do occur they may include:

• Abnormal uterine bleeding including heavy, prolonged, or irregular periods
• Pelvic pain or pressure
• Painful periods
• Recurrent miscarriages
• Difficulty conceiving
• Preterm labor or pregnancy complications
• Pain during sex

What Does Science Say?

Research published in Human Reproduction found that congenital uterine abnormalities are present in approximately 5.5 percent of the general population but are significantly more prevalent among women with recurrent pregnancy loss, affecting up to 13 percent of that group. A study in Fertility and Sterility also found that women with a septate uterus had significantly higher rates of miscarriage and preterm birth compared to women with a normal uterine cavity, but that surgical correction of the septum substantially improved pregnancy outcomes.

How Are Uterine Abnormalities Diagnosed?

Several imaging and diagnostic tools are used to identify uterine abnormalities, including:

• Pelvic ultrasound, which is typically the first imaging tool used
• Sonohysterography, which uses saline solution and ultrasound to better visualize the uterine cavity
• Hysteroscopy, which allows direct visualization of the inside of the uterus using a small camera
• MRI, which provides the most detailed and accurate imaging of uterine structure and is considered the gold standard for diagnosing congenital abnormalities

Can Uterine Abnormalities Be Treated?

Treatment depends on the type of abnormality, the severity of symptoms, and your reproductive goals. Options include:

• Hysteroscopic surgery to remove a uterine septum, polyps, fibroids, or adhesions
• Myomectomy to remove fibroids while preserving the uterus
• Hormonal therapy to manage symptoms related to adenomyosis or fibroids
• Endometrial ablation for abnormal bleeding in women who do not wish to conceive
• Hysterectomy in severe cases where other treatments have not been effective

Many women with uterine abnormalities go on to have successful pregnancies, particularly when the condition is identified and treated early.

When to See a Doctor

You should speak with a women’s health provider if you are experiencing heavy or irregular periods, recurrent miscarriages, difficulty conceiving, chronic pelvic pain, or painful intercourse. A thorough evaluation can determine whether a uterine abnormality is contributing to your symptoms and what treatment options are available to you.

A diagnosis is not a dead end. For most uterine abnormalities, effective treatment exists and outcomes with proper care are very encouraging.

Schedule your women’s health appointment with IVANA MD in Missouri City, TX. 

346-585-4077. 

4220 Cartwright Road, Suite 201, Missouri City, Texas 77459.

References

Acién, P. (1993). Reproductive performance of women with uterine malformations. Human Reproduction, 8(1), 122–126.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8458914/

Grimbizis, G. F., Camus, M., Tarlatzis, B. C., et al. (2001). Clinical implications of uterine malformations and hysteroscopic treatment results. Human Reproduction Update, 7(2), 161–174.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11284660/

Office on Women’s Health. (2025). Uterine fibroids. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/uterine-fibroids

Saravelos, S. H., Cocksedge, K. A., & Li, T. C. (2008). Prevalence and diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies in women with reproductive failure: a critical appraisal. Human Reproduction Update, 14(5), 415–429. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18539641/

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